European system

Specialised section part of Ravel – Repository on the International Protection of Adults > International Human Rights legal instruments dealing with vulnerable adults > Regional Human Rights instruments

European Union
1. Primary law
2. Regulations
3. Directives
4. Resolutions
5. Proposals
6. Other documents from EU institutions
7. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities European Union reports
8. Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
9. Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA)
10. Bibliography
11. NGOs and civil society initiatives
12. Useful websites
Council of Europe
1. European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
2. Resolutions and recommendations of organs of the Council of Europe
  - Committee of Ministers
  - Parliamentary Assembly
3. European Social Charter
  - Version of 1961 (ETS No. 035)
  - Version of 1999 (European Social Charter Revised – ETS No. 163)
  - Protocols
    - Additional protocol of 1988 extending the social and economic rights of the 1961 Charter (ETS No. 128)
    - Amending protocol of 1991 reforming the supervisory mechanism (ETS No. 142)
    - Additional protocol of 1995 providing for a system of collective complaints (ETS No. 158)
4. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
5. Bibliography and relevant documents
6. Useful websites

European Union

1. Primary law

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C 326, 26 October 2012, p 391-407
Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 202, 7 June 2016, p 13-45
Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326, 26 October 2012, p 47-390
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Protocol (No 22) on the position of Denmark, OJ C 326, 26 October 2012, p 299-303
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Protocol (No 21) on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of freedom, security and justice, OJ C 202, 7 June 2016, p 295-297

2. Regulations

The following legislative measures may play a role, directly or indirectly, in cases related to the protection of adults.

Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on cooperation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters, in OJ L 174, 27 June 2001, 1-24
Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I), OJ L 177, 4 July 2008, 6-16
Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, OJ L 351, 20 December 2012, 1-32
Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession, OJ L 201, 27 July 2012, 107-134
Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters, OJ L 181, 29 June 2013, 4-12
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC, OJ L 119, 4 May 2016, 1-88
Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 of 24 June 2016 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matters of matrimonial property regimes, OJ L 183, 8 July 2016, 1-29
Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1104 of 24 June 2016 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matters of the property consequences of registered partnerships, OJ L 183, 8 July 2013, 30-56
Regulation (EU) 2016/1191 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 on promoting the free movement of citizens by simplifying the requirements for presenting certain public documents in the European Union and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012, OJ L 200, 26 July 2016, 1-136
Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 of 25 June 2019 on jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, and on international child abduction, OJ L 178, 2.7.2019, 1115

3. Directives

The following directives may play a role, directly or indirectly, in cases related to the international protection of adults.

Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 327, 2.12.2016, 1–15
Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 151, 7.6.2019, 70–115

4. Resolutions

Cross-border implications of the legal protection of adults European Parliament resolution of 18 December 2008 with recommendations to the Commission on cross-border implications of the legal protection of adults (2008/2123(INI)), OJ C 45E, 23 February 2010, 71-74
European Parliament resolution of 1 June 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on the protection of vulnerable adults (2015/2085(INL)), OJ C 307, 30.8.2018, 154–160

5. Proposals

Proposal for a Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of measures and cooperation in matters relating to the protection of adults, COM/2023/280 final: text and annexes
Proposal for a Council decision authorising Member States to become or remain parties, in the interest of the European Union, to the Convention of 13 January 2000 on the International Protection of Adults, COM/2023/281 final: text and annex

9. Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA)

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, EU Framework for the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, mentioning the institutional and legislative framework within the EU as well as the institution created by EU Member States for implementing the UN CRPD
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, FRA Opinion concerning requirements under Article 33 (2) of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities within the EU context, FRA Opinion – 3/2016 – CRPD, Vienna, 13 May 2016
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, FRA Opinion on the situation of equality in the European Union 10 years on from initial implementation of the equality directives, FRA Opinion – 1/2013 [EU equality directives], Vienna, 1 October 2013
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, From institutions to community living for persons with disabilities: perspectives from the ground, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Handbook on European non-discrimination law – 2018 edition, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Human rights indicators, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Laws about being able to make important decisions for yourself, 2013
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Legal capacity of persons with intellectual disabilities and persons with mental health problems, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Legal capacity of persons with intellectual disabilities and persons with mental health problems – Factsheet, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Political participation of people with disabilities – new developments, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2024
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Protecting vulnerable adults across Europe – video, 30 March 2021
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, The legal protection of persons with mental health problems under non-discrimination law, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2011

10. Bibliography

Lorenz Adriaensses, Camille Borrett, Sarah Fialon, Pietro Franzina, Nathy Rass-Masson and Ian Sumner, ‘Study on the cross-border legal protection of vulnerable adults in the EU. Final Report‘ (Publications Office of the European Union 2022).
Regina E Aebi-Müller, Pietro Franzina, Richard Frimston, Thalia Kruger, Joëlle Long, Alex Ruck Keene and Renate Schaub, ‘The Protection of Adults in International Situations. Position Paper‘ (2018) European Law Institute.
Hannah Baker and Maja Groff, ‘The impact of the Hague Conventions on European family law’ in Jens M Scherpe (ed), European Family Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2016). 🔒
Ilias Bantekas and Lutz Oette, International Human Rights Law and Practice (4th edition Cambridge University Press 2024), 247-272.
Andrea Broderick and Delia Ferri, International and European Disability Law and Policy. Text, cases and materials (Cambridge University Press 2019).
Marina Castellaneta and Cesare Licini, ‘Osservatorio europeo e internazionale – Commissione Europea – Protezione degli adulti’ [2023] 2023(4) Notariato 465-469. 🔒
Céline Chidaine, ‘La protection des adultes vulnérables dans l’Espace judiciaire civil européen‘ (DPhil thesis, Soutenue à Aix-Marseille Université 2022).
Céline Chidaine, ‘Un nouveau pas vers un droit international privé européen de la protection des adultes’ [2023] 2023(34) Recueil Dalloz 1755-1756.
Christian Crocetta, ‘Persona vulnerabile, soggetto capace. Riflessioni sull’amministrazione di sostegno nel contesto italiano ed europeo’ [2020] 1 DPCE online 71-85.
Louise Corselli-Nordblad and Helene Strandell (eds), Aging Europe – Looking at the lives of older people in the EU (Publications Office of the European Union 2020).
Ian Curry-Sumner, ‘Vulnerable Adults in Europe. European added value of an EU legal instrument on the protection of vulnerable adults’ in Christian Salm (ed), Protection of Vulnerable Adults European Added Value Assessment accompanying the European Parliament’s legislative initiative report (rapporteur: Joëlle Bergeron) (Publication Office of the European Union 2016), 18–105.
Theresia Degener and Gerard Quinn, ‘A Survey of International, Comparative and Regional Disability Law Reform’ in Mary Lou Breslin and Silvia Yee (eds), Disability Rights Law and Policy: International and National Perspectives (Brill 2002), 3-125. 🔒
Shadia O Doerfel, ‘Adults without borders: European parliament approves resolution to harmonise measures to protect vulnerable adults’ [2017] 2017(3) Elder Law Journal 231–235. 🔒
Martina Drventić, ‘The Protection of Adults in the European Union’ [2019] 3 EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series 803–829.
Albert Evrard and Clémence Lacour, ‘A European Approach to Developing the Field of Law and Ageing’ in Israel Doron and Ann M Soden (eds), Beyond Elder Law: New Directions in Law and Ageing (Springer 2012), 149-173.
Silvia Favalli, ‘The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and in the Council of Europe Disability Strategy 2017–2023: ‘from Zero to Hero’’ [2018] 18(3) Human Rights Law Review 517–538. 🔒
Silvia Favalli, Disabilità, diritti umani e diritto internazionale (Giuffrè 2021). 📚
Nayiber Febles Pozo, ‘La protección transfronteriza de adultos en la Unión Europea: la propuesta de Reglamento en materia de protección de adultos‘ [2023] 18 Bitácora Millennium DIPr: Derecho Internacional Privado.
Delia Ferri and Andrea Broderick, Research Handbook on EU Disability Law (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2020).
Pietro Franzina, ‘La protección internacional de adultos vulnerables: un llamamiento a la acción a nivel de la Unión europea’ [2016] 16 Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional Privado 127-145. 🔒
Pietro Franzina, ‘L’evoluzione del diritto internazionale privato della protezione degli adulti tra iniziative dell’Unione, modelli universali e norme interne’ [2022] 2022(4) Jus-Online 212-250.
Pietro Franzina, ‘Un nuovo diritto internazionale privato della protezione degli adulti: le proposte della Commissione europea e gli sviluppi attesi in Italia’ [2023] 59(3) Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale 519-578. 🔒
Pietro Franzina, ‘Verso una più efficace protezione degli adulti fragili nell’Unione Europea’ (SIDIblog 6 July 2023) <http://www.sidiblog.org/2023/07/06/verso-una-piu-efficace-protezione-degli-adulti-fragili-nellunione-europea/> (accessed 29 August 2024).
Pietro Franzina, ‘Les propositions législatives de la Commission européenne relatives à la protection internationale des adultes: les droits fondamentaux en question’ 60 Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Européen [2024] 307-335. 🔒
Pietro Franzina and Joëlle Long, ‘The Protection of Vulnerable Adults in EU Member States. The Added Value of EU Action in the Light of The Hague Adults Convention’ in Christian Salm (ed), Protection of Vulnerable Adults European Added Value Assessment accompanying the European Parliament’s legislative initiative report (rapporteur: Joëlle Bergeron) (Publication Office of the European Union 2016), 106-175.
Pietro Franzina, Cristina González Beilfuss, Jan von Hein, Katja Karjalainen and Thalia Kruger, ‘Cross-Border Protection of Adults: What Could the EU Do Better?’ 21 Journal of Private International Law [2025] 1-29.
Pietro Franzina and Thalia Kruger, ‘The International Protection of Adults after Brexit‘ [2024] 38(1) International Journal of Law, Policy and The Family ebae017.
Richard Frimston, ‘Cross-border Implications of the Legal Protection of Adults‘ (2012) European Parliament.
Tom Goffin, ‘Advance directives as an instrument in an ageing Europe’ [2012] 19(2) European Journal of Health Law 121-140. 🔒
María González Marimón, ‘Hacia una Unión Europea “de” las personas. Sobre la propuesta de la Comisión Europea sobre la protección de adultos vulnerables en situaciones transfonterizas‘ [2023] 15(2) Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 420-445.
Armelle Gosselin-Gorand, ‘Le défi de la protection transfrontière des adultes vulnérables’ (Actu-Juridique.fr, 31 October 2023) <https://www.actu-juridique.fr/international/droit-international-prive/le-defi-de-la-protection-transfrontiere-des-adultes-vulnerables/>.
Fabienne Jault-Seseke, ‘Vers un règlement européen pour assurer la protection des adultes dans les situations transfrontières’ [2023] 2023(37) Recueil Dalloz 1917-1921.
Katja Karjalainen, ‘Eläkeläiset liikkeellä Euroopassa: Haagin yleissopimus aikuisten kansainvälisestä suojelusta’ [2012] 110(2) Lakimies 259-279.
Katja Karjalainen, ‘Ancianos, movilidad y derecho internacional privado. El punto de vista de la Unión Europea’ (2016) Càtedra Jean Monnet Working Paper 2/2016, 1–11.
Katja Karjalainen, Ikääntyminen, liikkuvuus ja kansainvälinen yksityisoikeus Euroopassa: Vertaileva tutkimus rajat ylittävistä ongelmista sekä edunvalvonnasta Suomessa ja Espanjassa (Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys 2016).
Katja Karjalainen, ‘Strengthening the Right to Personal Autonomy and Protection of Vulnerable Adults: from Human Rights to Domestic and European legislation on Voluntary Measures‘ in Katja Karjalainen, Iina Tornberg and Aleksi Pursiainen (eds), International Actors and the Formation of Laws (Springer 2022), 65-87.
Elisabetta Lamarque, ‘The Cross-Border Protection of Vulnerable Adults in the EU from the Italian Perspective’ [2022] 2022(6) Osservatorio costituzionale 98-110.
Anna Lawson, ‘The UN Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities And European Disability Law: A Catalyst For Cohesion?’ in Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Gerard Quinn (eds), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: European and Scandinavian Perspectives (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009), 81-109. 🔒
Phillip Leach, ‘The European System and Approach’ in Scott Sheeran and Nigel Rodley (eds), Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Routledge 2013), 407-426. 🔒
Dimitris Liakopoulos, ‘Interactions between European Court of Human Rights and Private International Law of European Union’ [2018] 10(1) Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 248-305.
Martin Löhnig, Dieter Schwab, Dieter Henrich, Peter Gottwald and Inge Kroppenberg (eds), Vorsorgevollmacht und Erwachsenenschutz in Europa (Gieseking 2011).
Helen Meenan, ‘Age Discrimination and the Future Development of Elder Rights in the European Union: Walking Side by Side or Hand in Hand?’ in Israel Doron and Ann M Soden (eds), Beyond Elder Law: New Directions in Law and Ageing (Springer 2012), 57-97.
Françoise Monéger, ‘La protection des adultes dans les relations transfrontières’ [2024] 2024(2) RDSS 249-256.
Alberto Muñoz Fernández, ‘Notas sobre el informe del Instituto de Derecho Europeo acerca de la protección de adultos en situaciones internaciones‘ [2020] 12(2) Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 1099-1105.
Hélène Péroz, ‘Proposition de règlement européen sur la protection des adultes’ [2023] 2023(9) La semaine juridique. Notariale et immobilière 138 ss.
Hélène Péroz, ‘L’apport à la pratique notariale de la proposition de règlement européen sur la protection des adultes’ [2023] 2023(41) La semaine juridique. Notariale et immobilière 1183 ss.
Jacqueline Pousson-Petit, ‘La protection personnelle des malades mentaux dans le principaux droit européennes’ [1995] 3(3) European Review of Private Law 383–426. 🔒
Nayiber Febles Pozo, ‘La protección transfronteriza de adultos en la Unión Europea: la propuesta de Reglamento en materia de protección de adultos‘ [2023] 2023(18) Bitácora Millennium DIPr: Derecho Internacional Privado 1-29.
Anne Röthel, ‘Guardianship of Adults’ in Jürgen Basedow, Klaus J Hopt, Reinhard Zimmermann and Andreas Stier (eds), Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law (Oxford University Press 2012), 808-810. 🔒
Christian Salm (ed), Protection of Vulnerable Adults European Added Value Assessment accompanying the European Parliament’s legislative initiative report (rapporteur: Joëlle Bergeron) (Publication Office of the European Union 2016).
Francesco Seatzu, ‘Reshaping EU Old Age Law in the Light of the Normative Standards in International Human Rights Law in Relation to Older Persons’ in Francesca Ippolito and Sara Iglesias Sánchez (eds), Protecting Vulnerable Groups. The European Human Rights Framework (Hart Publishing 2015), 49-70. 🔒
Jean Tarrade, Bénédicte Fauvarque-Cosson, Cyril Nourissat, David Noguéro, Mobilité et protection des personnes vulnérables en Europe: connaissance et reconnaissance des instruments (Société́ de Législation Comparée 2014).
Veerle Van Den Eeckhout, ‘Promoting Human Rights within the Union: The Role of European Private International Law’ [2008] 14(1) European Law Journal, 105-127. 🔒
Jan von Hein, ‘Die Europäisierung des internationalen Erwachsenenschutzes’ [2024] 2024(3) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 505-532.
Lisa Waddington, ‘Breaking New Ground: The Implications Of Ratification Of The UN Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities For The European Community’ in Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Gerard Quinn (eds), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: European and Scandinavian Perspectives (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009), 111-140. 🔒
Lisa Waddington and Andrea Broderick, ‘Combatting disability discrimination and realising equality. A comparison of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and EU equality and non-discrimination law‘ (2018) Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission).
Anja Wiesbrock, ‘Disability as a Form of Vulnerability under EU and CoE law: Embracing the ‘Social Model’?’ in Francesca Ippolito and Sara Iglesias Sánchez, Protecting Vulnerable Groups. The European Human Rights Framework (Hart Publishing 2015), 71-94. 🔒

11. NGOs and civil society initiatives

European Law Institue Advance Choices for Future Disablement: project.
Christiana Fountoulakis, Gerald Mäsch, Elena Bargelli, Pietro Franzina, Adrian Ward, ‘European Commission’s Public Consultation on the Initiative on the Cross-Border Protection of Vulnerable Adults. Response of the European Law Institute’ (2022) European Law Institute.
Pietro Franzina and Richard Frimston, ‘The Protection of Adults in International Situation, Report of the European Law Institute‘ (2020) European Law Institute.

12. Useful websites

Council of Europe

1. European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)

Adoption: 4 November 1950
PDF version of the official text of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and of its protocols in English
Status: updated number and list of Contracting States of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Useful websites:
- Council of Europe website: section dedicated to the ECHR

2. Resolutions and recommendations of organs of the Council of Europe

Committee of Ministers

Committee of Ministers, Recommendation (1999)4 adopted on 23 February 1999, on principles concerning the legal protection of incapable adults, and explanatory memorandum
Committe of Ministers, Recommendation (2009)11 adopted on 9 December 2009, on principles concerning continuing powers of attorney and advance directives for incapacity, and explanatory memorandum
Committee of Ministers, Recommendation (2014)2 adopted on 16 April 2014, on the promotion of human rights of older persons, and explanatory memorandum

Parliamentary Assembly

Parliamentary Assembly, Recommendation 1592 (2003)[1] adopted on 29 January 2003, Towards a full social inclusion of people with disabilities
Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 1642 (2009) adopted on 26 January 2009, Access to right for people with disabilities and their participation in society
Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 2039 (2015) adopted on 20 January 2015, Equality and inclusion for people with disabilities
Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 2258 (2019) adopted on 23 January 2019, For a disability-inclusive workforce

Version of 1961 (ETS No. 035)

Adoption: 18 October 1961
PDF version of the official text of the version of 1961 of the European Social Charter in English and French (official languages)
PDF version of the translations of the text of the version of 1961 of the European Social Charter in German and Russian
Status: updated number and list of States parties to the version of 1961 of the European Social Charter
Reservations and declarations
Other details

Adoption: 3 May 1996
PDF version of the official text of the version of 1999 of the European Social Charter (Revised) in English and French (official languages)
PDF version of the translations of the text of the version of 1999 of the European Social Charter (Revised) in German, Italian and Russian
Status: updated number and list of States parties to the version of 1999 of the European Social Charter (Revised)
Reservations and declarations
Explanatory Report in English and French
Other details

Protocols

Additional protocol of 1988 extending the social and economic rights of the 1961 Charter (ETS No. 128)

Adoption: 5 May 1988
PDF version of the official text of the additional protocol of 1988 in English and French (official languages)
PDF version of the translations of the text of the additional protocol of 1988 in German and Russian
Status: updated number and list of States parties to the additional protocol of 1988
Reservations and declarations
Explanatory Report in English and French
Other details

Amending protocol of 1991 reforming the supervisory mechanism (ETS No. 142)

Adoption: 21 October 1991
PDF version of the official text of the amending protocol of 1991 in English and French (official languages)
PDF version of the translations of the text of the amending protocol of 1991 in German and Russian
Status: updated number and list of States parties to the amending protocol of 1991
Reservations and declarations
Explanatory Report in English and French
Other details

Additional protocol of 1995 providing for a system of collective complaints (ETS No. 158)

Adoption: 9 November 1995
PDF version of the official text of the additional protocol of 1995 in English and French (official languages)
PDF version of the translations of the text of the additional protocol of 1995 in German and Russian
Status: updated number and list of States parties to the additional protocol of 1995
Reservations and declarations
Explanatory Report in English and French
Other details

ECtHR website with case-law database

ECtHR, Shtukaturov v Russia (App No 44009/05), judgment of 27 March 2008
ECtHR, Glor v Switzerland (App No 13444/04), judgment of 30 April 2009
ECtHR, Carson and others v the United Kingdom (App No 42184/05), judgment of 26 March 2010
ECtHR, Stanev v Bulgaria (App No 36760/06), judgment of 17 January 2012
ECtHR, Nataliya Mikhaylenko v Ukraine (App No 49069/11), judgment of 30 May 2013
ECtHR, Ivinović v Croatia (App No 13006/13), judgment of 18 September 2014
ECtHR, Guberina v Croatia (App No 23682/13), judgment of 22 May 2016
ECtHR, AN v Lithuania (App No 17280/08), judgment of 31 May 2016
ECtHR, Belli and Arquier-Martinez v Switzarland (App No 65550/13), judgment of 11 December 2018
ECtHR, Nikolyan v Armenia (App No 74438/14), judgment of 2 October 2019
ECtHR, Calvi and C.G. v Italy (App No 46412/21), judgment of 6 July 2023

5. Bibliography and relevant sources

Lorenzo Acconciamessa, ‘L’ammissibilità ratione personae dei ricorsi alla Corte europea di individui estremamente vulnerabili: uguaglianza sostanziale e tutela del diritto di accesso alla giustizia internazionale’ [2021] 15(2) Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 317-353. 🔒
Roberto Andorno, ‘Regulating advance directives at the Council of Europe’ in Stefania Negri (ed), Self-Determination, Dignity and End-of-Life Care: Regulating Advance Directives in International and Comparative Perspective (Brill 2012), 73-85. 🔒
Davíð Þ Björgvinsson, ‘The Protection Of The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities In The Case Law Of The European Court Of Human Rights’ in Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Gerard Quinn (eds), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: European and Scandinavian Perspectives (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009), 141-161. 🔒
Kees Blankman, ‘Meerderjarigenbescherming en (on)bekwaamheid’ [2019] 2019(3) Nederlands Juristenblad 193–197.
Andrea Broderick and Delia Ferri, International and European Disability Law and Policy. Text, cases and materials (Cambridge University Press 2019).
Council of Europe, Human Rights: A Reality for All – Council of Europe Disability Strategy 2017-2023, 2017.
Council of Europe publications on the rights of persons with disabilities.
Christian Crocetta, ‘Persona vulnerabile, soggetto capace. Riflessioni sull’amministrazione di sostegno nel contesto italiano ed europeo’ [2020] 2020(1) DPCE online 71-85.
Theresia Degener and Gerard Quinn, ‘A Survey of International, Comparative and Regional Disability Law Reform’ in Mary Lou Breslin and Silvia Yee (eds), Disability Rights Law and Policy: International and National Perspectives (Brill 2002), 3-125. 🔒
European Court of Human Rights, Jurisconsult, Guide on Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights and on Article 1 of Protocol No. 12 to the Convention, Prohibition of Discrimination, August 2020.
Albert Evrard and Clémence Lacour, ‘A European Approach to Developing the Field of Law and Ageing’ in Israel Doron and Ann M Soden (eds), Beyond Elder Law: New Directions in Law and Ageing (Springer 2012), 149-173.
Silvia Favalli, ‘The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and in the Council of Europe Disability Strategy 2017–2023: ‘from Zero to Hero’’ [2018] 18(3) Human Rights Law Review 517–538. 🔒
János Fiala-Butora, ‘The influence of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities on the European court of human rights in the area of mental health law: Divergence and unexplored potential‘ [2024] 94 International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 101965.
Emily Hazlett, ‘Disability Rights in a post-Convention Era: Protecting Legal Capacity at the European Court and Beyond‘ (2014) 2(2) International Human Rights Internship Working Paper.
Katja Karjalainen, ‘Strengthening the Right to Personal Autonomy and Protection of Vulnerable Adults: from Human Rights to Domestic and European legislation on Voluntary Measures‘ in Katja Karjalainen, Iina Tornberg and Aleksi Pursiainen (eds), International Actors and the Formation of Laws (Springer 2022), 65-87.
Anna Lawson, ‘The UN Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities And European Disability Law: A Catalyst For Cohesion?’ in Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Gerard Quinn (eds), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: European and Scandinavian Perspectives (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009), 81-109. 🔒
Phillip Leach, ‘The European System and Approach’ in Scott Sheeran and Nigel Rodley (eds), Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Routledge 2013), 407-426. 🔒
Dimitris Liakopoulos, ‘Interactions between European Court of Human Rights and Private International Law of European Union’ [2018] 10(1) Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional 248-305.
National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway Centre for Disability Law and Policy, ‘A study on the Equal Recognition before the law. Contribution towards the Council of Europe Strategy on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities‘ (2017) Council of Europe.
Press Unit of the European Court of Human Rights, Factsheet, Elderly people and the European Convention on Human Rights, July 2023.
Press Unit of the European Court of Human Rights, Factsheet, Persons with disabilities and the European Convention on Human Rights, March 2024.
Christopher Roberts, Alternative Approaches to Human Rights. The Disparate Historical Path of the European, Inter-American and African Regional Human Rights Systems (Cambridge University Press 2023). 🔒
Alessandra Sardu, ‘La giurisprudenza della Corte EDU sulle misure di privazione della capacità giuridica come ingerenza nei diritti tutelati dalla CEDU’ [2023] 3 Freedom, Security & Justice: European Legal Studies 231–251.
Maxime Tardu, ‘Regional Systems: The European systems for the protection of human rights’ in Janusz Symonides (ed), Human Rights: International Protection, Monitoring, Enforcement (Routledge-UNESCO Publishing 2003), 135-164. 🔒
Lisa Waddington and Andrea Broderick, ‘Promoting Equality and Non-Discrimination for Persons with Disabilities‘ (2017) Council of Europe.
Adrian Ward, ‘Enabling citizens to plan for incapacity: A review of follow-up action taken by member states of the Council of Europe to Recommendation CM/Rec(2009)11 on principles concerning continuing powers of attorney and advance directives for incapacity‘ (2017) Council of Europe.
Anja Wiesbrock, ‘Disability as a Form of Vulnerability under EU and CoE law: Embracing the ‘Social Model’?’ in Francesca Ippolito and Sara Iglesias Sánchez, Protecting Vulnerable Groups. The European Human Rights Framework (Hart Publishing 2015), 71-94.

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